Explaining Dongbei Pingyuan/Late Okunevo-mediated Estonian-Kurd DNA connection from Mittnik, 2017
https://i.ibb.co/gzxKS3x/php-JPo-Ciy.png
Indeed, in the” The Genetic History of Northern Europe” by Alissa Mittnik, the Estonians shared an affinity to the Kurds relative to the ancient population of Baltic_Bronze_Age, which is a Steppe-related population. Most other populations, to which Estonians had an affinity relative to Baltic_Bronze_Age, were of the East Asian origin.
Whereas the previously reported Grand Duke Dmitry Nevsky (Rurikovich) belonged to yDNA N-L1026 (https://www.yfull.com/tree/N-Y10932/ NEV2) and mtDNA F1b1+152 (https://www.yfull.com/mtree/F1b1-a3a2a/), whose distant relative mtDNA F1a1’4 was reported from the Lower Yangtze River basin rice farming Majiabang culture, “Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Origins and Genetic Structure of the Neolithic Shimao Population in Northern China” reported the following cases of mtDNA from the Kurds of Northwestern Iran, which included a sister branch mtDNA F1b1-a2 of mtDNA F1b1-a3a2a:
WestAsia_KC911336 Kurd WestAsia Northwestern Iran Iran KC911336 mtDNA F1b1+152 https://www.yfull.com/mtree/F1b1-a2/
WestAsia_KC911276 Kurd WestAsia Northwestern Iran Iran KC911276 mtDNA H13c2
WestAsia_KC911629 Kurd WestAsia Northwestern Iran Iran KC911629 mtDNA C5c+16234
What is important, the only case of mtDNA H13c2 from Northwestern Iranian Kurds is KC911276, who shares a mutation A153G with mtDNA F1b1-b branch from Khakassia (https://www.yfull.com/mtree/F1b1-b/) (where yDNA N-B187 individuals have been found https://www.yfull.com/tree/N-B187/) and mtDNA F1b1+152 branch from the rice-farming Province of Zhejiang in the vicinity of the Lower Yangtze River basin of China (https://www.yfull.com/mtree/F1b1-a8/). The mutation A153G is not observed in other mtDNA H13c2 individuals. Consequently, we can say that the relevant yDNA N-M231-related population was not related to mtDNA H13c* related population as a whole and ancestors of the relevant yDNA N-M231-related population were not related to “sample: NEO281, 7773 BCE, Y-DNA: J-Z533*, mtDNA: H13c* (shared with sample KK1, also from Mesolithic Georgia)”. Representatives of the relevant yDNA N-M231-related population might have been related only to comparatively “recent” (less than 3600 yeear old) ancestors of a much more late mtDNA H13c2 Indo-European Kurdish KC911276 individual.
mtDNA H13c2 has been determined so far to be 3600 years old (https://www.yfull.com/mtree/H13c2/), and it has representatives such as a Kurd and a individual from Armenia (presumably both are members of Indo-European-speaking populations: Kurds and Armenians (unless the Armenian is of a Kurdish origin).
Let us view mtDNA C5c+16234, also observed in Northwestern Iranian Kurds. It was already written that mutation T16304C, widely distributed in Western Eurasian and Eastern Eurasian lineages, might be of an ancient Homo Sapiens origin, but not of a Denisovan origin, in the topic “Mutation T16304C as a mutation, characteristic of ancient Homo Sapiens legacy”. Similarly, in "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago", some lineages from inside China and Southeast Asia, carrying C16234T mutation, found in a Neanderthal, formed a cline with lineages, sharing mutations with some branches of “ca.140000-year-old” mtDNA L1, which may mean that another part of ancient Homo Sapiens Quzai-related population contributed to the Neanderthals (Quzai’s remain was reported from Guangxi of Southern China and dated to 130000 years ago).
As for mtDNA C5c+16234, “Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Origins and Genetic Structure of the Neolithic Shimao Population in Northern China” reported the following groupings of mtDNA from Early Middle Bronze Age Altai Mountains Okunevo population and its older Kazakhstan neighbors of the older period:
Okunevo_EMBA_RISE675 Okunevo_EMBA mtDNA D4+195 - Russia 4555 years ago 0,87 Damgaard et al., 2018a
Okunevo_EMBA_RISE677 Okunevo_EMBA A8a1 - Russia 4482 0,81 Damgaard et al., 2018a
Okunevo_EMBA_RISE718 Okunevo_EMBA C5c - Russia 4411 0,85 Damgaard et al., 2018a
Okunevo_EMBA_RISE673 Okunevo_EMBA A8a - Russia 4300 0,73 Damgaard et al., 2018a
Okunevo_EMBA_RISE667 Okunevo_EMBA A8a - Russia 4300 0,76 Damgaard et al., 2018a
Okunevo_EMBA_RISE671 Okunevo_EMBA H6a1b - Russia 4300 0,86 Damgaard et al., 2018a
Okunevo_EMBA_RISE681 Okunevo_EMBA A8a1 - Russia 4300 0,87 Damgaard et al., 2018a
Okunevo_EMBA_RISE719 Okunevo_EMBA C5c - Russia 4300 0,88 Damgaard et al., 2018a
Okunevo_EMBA_RISE672 Okunevo_EMBA H6a1b - Russia 4300 0,86 Damgaard et al., 2018a
Okunevo_EMBA_RISE685 Okunevo_EMBA C5c - Russia 4300 0,87 Damgaard et al., 2018a
Okunevo_EMBA_RISE680 Okunevo_EMBA A+152+16362 - Russia 4300 0,81 Damgaard et al., 2018a
Okunevo_EMBA_RISE664 Okunevo_EMBA A8a1 - Russia 4283 0,83 Damgaard et al., 2018a
Okunevo_EMBA_RISE684 Okunevo_EMBA C5c - Russia 4253 0,82 Damgaard et al., 2018a
Okunevo_EMBA_RISE515 Okunevo_EMBA A8a - Russia 4193 0,78 Damgaard et al., 2018a
Okunevo_EMBA_RISE674 Okunevo_EMBA A+152+16362 - Russia 4079 0,80 Damgaard et al., 2018a
Okunevo_EMBA_RISE662 Okunevo_EMBA H6a - Russia 4070 0,80 Damgaard et al., 2018a
Okunevo_EMBA_RISE516 Okunevo_EMBA H6a1b - Russia 4069 0,91 Damgaard et al., 2018a
Okunevo_EMBA_RISE683 Okunevo_EMBA H15b1 - Russia 3977 0,75 Damgaard et al., 2018a
Okunevo_EMBA_RISE670 Okunevo_EMBA A8a - Russia 3963 0,78 Damgaard et al., 2018a
Kazakh_EBA_I11501 CSteppe_EMBA C5c+16234 - Kazakhstan 5294-5045 years ago 0,96 Narasimhan et al., 2019
Kazakh_EBA_I11531 CSteppe_EMBA C5c+16234 - Kazakhstan 5289-5042 years ago 0,96 Narasimhan et al., 2019
Since Kazachstan’s mtDNA C5c+16234 is more derived than Okunevo’s mtDNA C5c, but, on the contrary Kazachstan’s C5c+16234 was dated to a more ancient age (mtDNA C5c+16234 5294-5045 years ago in Kazakhstan vs. mtDNA C5c 4300 years ago in the Okunevo), then it is possible to think that mtDNA C5c differentiated in a Kazachstan-related population, and its mtDNA C5c representatives, not having C16234T mutation, came to Okunevo’s Altai Mountains area from the south. Consequently, bearers of mtDNA C5c participated in the formation of the Okunevo culture along with some Western Eurasian populations.
While yDNA N2-Y6503 (Shamanka_EN’s case of yDNA N2-Y6503 had a small East Asia-derived Papuan component in “Human genetic history on the Tibetan Plateau in the past 5100 years”, which was not the case for other ancient East Asian-derived representatives from its yDNA N1-Z4762 brother branch, some of whom only produced the East Asia-derived Onge_New component in the same article), while yDNA N-Y6503 has already been detected in other Bronze Age Central Asia-connected specimens (for example, in the Indo-European Poltavka culture, whose territory reached Kazakhstan), non-Western Eurasian yDNA, reported from the Okunevo culture in the article “New genetic evidence of affinities and discontinuities between bronze age Siberian populations” by Clémence Hollard, only included Kh12, Kh13, Kh15 specimens from the Okunevo culture, determined as either yDNA NO1(xO) or yDNA N. According to “Human genetic history on the Tibetan Plateau in the past 5100 years”, the Shamanka_EN specimen, which produced calls for yDNA NO1 in some articles, had more Onge_New component than other yDNA N1-Z4762 ancient individuals. Basing on values of DYS markers, it was sometimes determined that some mentioned Okunevo culture’s individuals alledgedly belonged to yDNA N-B187 (https://www.yfull.com/tree/N-B187/).
Quote:
红山文化龙纹玉器研究
Study on Dragon-shaped Jades in Hongshan Culture
http://61.181.120.82:8081/kcms/detai...bname=CMFD2018
【Abstract】 Beast heads,meandering and footless are characteristic of early dragons.According to that criteria,dragon-shaped jades in Hongshan Culture includes"C"-shaped jade dragons,jue-shaped jade dragons and other jade dragons."C"-shaped Jade dragons and Hongshan Culture Jades are more similar and it is the development of Zhaobaogou Cultural statues.Lower Xiajiadian Culture does not have the economic and social conditions for producing "C-"shaped jade dragons.The two collected "C" jade dragons have the same buried environmenIt.They are funeraryies object in the tomb and has a nature of sacrifice.Without age-dating,they are more appropriate to set the age of Hongshan Culture in the early and mid-term.Jue-shaped jade dragons are divided into type A and type B according to the characteristics of morphology and craftsmanship.A types’ openings are connected,facial features is characterized by lines and more flat.B types’ openings are separated,facial features portray more complex.Jue-shaped stone dragon from Zuojiashan site pushes the age of jue-shaped jade dragons to the middle of Hongshan Culture and Type A is generally earlier than Type B.The jue-shaped jade dragons handed down and collected in the museum fill the gaps in archaeological excavations and enrich their forms.Other dragon-shaped jades include many types which can be divided into double-headed dragon-shaped jades,straight body dragon-shaped jades and Silkworm-shaped jades.The cultural connotation of the double-headed dragon jades are not only in conformity with the ancient Chinese mythology but also the embodiment of cultural exchange between the East and the West.The beast face "丫"-shaped jades are deformation of the snake jade earring,so the snake body is the dragon’s torso.The Dragon head-shaped scepterheads reflect the long history of the scepter in western part of Liaoning Province and their influence reaches Liangzhu Culture.Silkworm-shaped jades are one of the sources of the beast face "丫"-shaped jades.The "mutual infiltration rate" of hominid thinking caused the recognization of Hongshan Culture ancestors that silkworms were equivalent to snakes.In ancient literature,they were not only similar in shape and font but often placed in the same category by the ancients.In this sense,silkworms should also be dragons.The appearance of dragon-shaped jades were reflection of the fishing and hunting economy.Their head shape includes deer,pig and bear while the torso contains snake and silkworm.Dragon-shaped jades appeared about in 6,000 years ago of which "C-"shaped jade dragons and jue-shaped jade dragons appeared earliest.The other dragon-shaped jades are generally in the late stage of Hongshan Culture and basically one type has only one jade,so the age of the tombs is the jades’ that about 5500-5000 years ago.The dragon-shaped jades can be divided into two regions which include Xar Moron River basin and Daling River and Xiaoling River basins according to Nuluerhu Mountain.The "C"-shaped jade dragons distributed in the Xar Moron River basin.The jue-shaped jade dragons are distributed in both areas.The other dragon-shaped jades basically distributed in Daling river and Xiaoling river basin.After the"C"-shaped jade dragons emerged,the jue-shaped jade dragons developed in Daling River and Xiaoling River basins and gradually giving birth to other dragon-shaped jades.
While “potentially Okunevo-related” yDNA N-B187’s brother branch yDNA N-Y24317* https://www.yfull.com/tree/N-Y24317*/ should have appeared in India due to the existence of “Zuojiashan-culture-related” AR7.3K_outlier – Hongshan culture-related-Himalayan-related cline in “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene” and "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago", it was already mentioned in another topic that the Zuojiashan culture’s influence also reached the Yangtze River basin via the neighbouring Hongshan culture-related population via the Anhui Province’s Lingjiatan culture’s population (see above the partial archaeological discription). Consequently, when choosing an “mtDNA D4+T195C relative” from China for Early Okunevo’s ancient mtDNA D4+T195C case, “Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Origins and Genetic Structure of the Neolithic Shimao Population in Northern China” could only report the case of mtDNA D4+T195C from the rice-farming Hunan Province of the Yangtze River basin,
Okunevo_EMBA_RISE675 Okunevo_EMBA mtDNA D4+195 - Russia 4555 0,87 Damgaard et al., 2018a
https://www.yfull.com/mtree/D4-a/
SChina_Han_HG00651 Han SChina_Han Hunan, southern China China HG00651 D4+195 The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium et al., 2015 [as an aside, this individual from the Yangtze River as a dweller of Southern China shares a mutation with mtDNA M>Q of Papuans with no Denisovan mutations in its main sequence, and this individual is unrelated to ancestors of yDNA K2b>M yDNA K2b>S, for whom mutation A15607G (https://www.yfull.com/mtree/p/) had a meaning in the past, but, obviously, mtDNA Q-related population contributed to yDNA M-, yDNA S, and pre-Oceanian yDNA P*-related populations (yDNA P* is found in some Aetas), therefore, the result of the contribution of Hunan-related mtDNA D4+195 to Early Okunevo-related populations may cause some wrong associations]
Indeed, this mtDNA D4+195-related Hunanese individual shares some mtDNA mutations with Northwestern Kurdish populations, with whose ancestors the Early Okunevo culture should have interacted. In this case, mtDNA C5c+16234, observed in Kurds and in ancient Kazakhstan, should have appeared there due to the fact that the ancient Kazakhstan’s population was a mediator between the Okunevo population and the ancestral Kurdish population. While one mtDNA C5c+16234 is observed in the Northwestern Kurdish population of Iran, a much larger and 3100-year-old group of mtDNA C5c+16234 is observed in Poland:
https://www.yfull.com/mtree/C5c-a/ https://www.yfull.com/mtree/C5c-a*/ mtDNA C5c+16234 Kurdish Iran
https://www.yfull.com/mtree/C5c1/ mtDNA C5c+16234 Poland
Interestingly, in Poland, we also see the presence of some yDNA N-L727-related yDNA N-L733-related individual.
https://www.yfull.com/tree/N-L733/
According to some data, more individuals, belonging to yDNA N-L733 and having older TMRCA, can be found in the Eastern European region. Their ancient yDNA N-L727-related relative in China is the Lower Xiajiadian culture’s EDM176 individual, but, most importantly, in “The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene” and "Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago" yDNA N-L727-related Lower Xiajiadian culture’s EDM176 individual clustered quite close to much more southern ancient Pingliangtai individuals of the Longshan culture, two of whom belong to yDNA N-M1819 branch (https://www.yfull.com/tree/N-CTS12473*/). Ancestors of all mentioned yDNA N-M231 individuals should have migrated from the rice-farming Yangtze River basin as a part of the Late Neolithic demographic process, which was a result of the competition between civilizations of the Yangtze River basin and the Yellow River’s ancient cultures, while the Yellow River basin was densely populated by yDNA O-M122 individuals, ancestral to the Han Chinese. The appearance of yDNA N-L727 in the Lower Xiajiadian culture in the West Liao river basin means the continuation of migration to the north. The yDNA N-L727-related EDM176 was much more mixed with ancestors of the Han Chinese than the representatives of the Pingliangtai-related yDNA N-M1819 branch (https://www.yfull.com/tree/N-CTS12473*/). Not only the Pingliangtai settlement is famous, because the Pingliangtai network of ceramic water pipes is the oldest complete drainage system ever discovered in China so far, and Yangtzean Liangzhu-influenced Shijiahe culture’s jade artifact was reported from the Pingliangtai site, but also there is another great mystery and finding in the Longshan culture’s Pingliangtai site dated to 4200 years ago.
Summing up, mtDNA D4+T195C was reported from the Early Okunevo population, likely being a distant relative of the mentioned mtDNA D4+T195C from the Yangtze River’s Hunan Province, which share mtDNA mutations with Northwestern Iran’s Kurdish individuals. Therefore, mentioned male lineages should have been related to the Early Okunevo period. As we can see, mtDNA F1b1+152, whose relative was found in the Northwestern Iran’s Kurdish population and whose another relative accompanied yDNA N-L1026-related population, from which yDNA N-L1026/mtDNA F1b1-a3a2a Grand Duke Dmitry Nevsky (Rurikovich) was born, was not listed within the Early Okunevo population in “Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Origins and Genetic Structure of the Neolithic Shimao Population in Northern China”.
Indeed, it is known from archaeology, that there were the Early Okunevo culture and the Late Okunevo culture. In the Late Okunevo culture, the archaeological influence from cultures of Northeast China Plain (Dōngběi Píngyuán) increased. Among others, Northeast China Plain (Dōngběi Píngyuán) includes the plain of the West Liao River, where the Hongshan culture used to be located, and Northeast China Plain includes the Songnen Plain, on the part of which the Zuojiashan culture was located, and later it became the substratum for the Machengzi culture, under the influence of which the Xituanshan culture formed, and the Kingdom of Puyo formed on the basis of the Xituanshan culture. The main population influence from these areas only reached the Late Okunevo culture, but not the Early Okunevo culture, though the “Late Okunevo period” mtDNA F1b1+152-related population still managed to appear in Northwestern Iran’s Kurdish individuals, providing a link (also via related male individuals) between Estonian and Kurdish DNA, and the appearance of mtDNA F1b1+152 in the Kurds was mentioned in “Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Origins and Genetic Structure of the Neolithic Shimao Population in Northern China”.
